Science & Education in Kazakhstan   Facts about Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan science technology. Kazakhstan education. About Kazakhstan science & archeological researches

As a result of strengthening of influence of Arabian Halifat on Central Asia and Kazakhstan, at 8-11^th centuries islam religion had extended, influence of Arabian religion has increased. Arabian language on the Halifat's territory became prevailing, however local culture and language had been kept. Many scientists, natives of the countries won by Arabs, were taking active part in development of Arabian culture. Medieval cities were known all over the world not because of their markets and handicrafts, but were famous for poets, scientists, artists, great libraries, educational institutions.

The Otrar city, located on the Great Silk Road which had important geographic and economic value and leading from China to Europe, had a special significance. Farab library was a largest storehouse of wealthy manuscript literary fund as compared with Alexandrine library in Egypt. The great scientist Abu Nasr Al Farabi was born in Farab city. His scientific heritage was numbered more than 100 literary works.

In Karahanid state existing at 10-11^th centuries on the Kazakhstan territory the outstanding poet and thinker Jusuf Balasaguni was creating his literary works. His work "Kutadgu Bilig" ("Beneficial Knowledge") became known in many countries. Already in those days exceptional contribution of Eastern progressive thinkers in science and culture had been recognized by Europe. It has been testified by translations of Eastern scientists and thinker's literary works which had a wide spread occurrence at 10-12 centuries in France, Europe, Spain and other states.

At the end of the 17^th and beginning of the 18^th centuries scientists of Russia and several countries of Western Europe began to research Kazakhstan territory, study history, culture, life and customs of population.

The first fundamental work on history of Kazakh "Description of Kyrgyz-Kazakh or Kyrgyz-Kaisak hordes & steppes" (1832) had been created by A.I.Levshin. Sh.Valikhanov had named him Kazakh nations Herodotus and his monograph had estimated as an invaluable scientific property. Well-known Russian researchers P.P.Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, N.M.Przhevalsky, G.N.Potanin made an important contribution not only to study of land but also to creation of democratic scientific idea at the latter half of 19^th - beginning of the 20^th centuries. These researches and also V.V.Grigoriev, N.F.Kostylezky, E.P.Mikhaelis, P.E.Makovetsky, A.A.Blek exerted great influence on spiritual formation of the Kazakh enlightener-democrats like Sh.Valikhanov, Y.Altynsarin, A.Kunanbayev.

At the beginning of 20^th century the most Kazakh children had an opportunity to study only in countryside medrese where training had been limited to learning by heart Koran ayats. On the eve of 1916 there were only several Russian and Russian Kazakh school son the Kazakhstan territory, 19370 Kazakh children were studying there.

By 1932 there were more than 10 research institutes and pilot stations, about hundred base stations, laboratories and weather stations, several geological survey organizations. Kazakh Base of Science Academy of USSR created on 8 march 1932. Zoology and botany branches were operating there. In 1935 Kazakh Research Institute of National culture including Kazakh language and literature, folk arts brunches had been placed under the authority of Kazakh Base of Science Academy of USSR. At that time the Almaty Botanical Gardens laid in foundation, medical science was developing.

During the War plenty of scientific institutions and institutes of higher education had been evacuated to Republic. World-famous scientists were working there, such as I.P.Bardin, L.S.Berg, V.I.Vernadsky, N.F.Gamaleya, I.I.Meshaninov, N.D.Zelinsky, L.I.Mandelshtam, N.V.Tsitsin, S.G.Strumilin, A.M.Pankratova, A.E.Favorskiy, S.E.Malov, V.G.Fesenkov, G.A.Tikhov, B.A.Vorontsov-Veliaminov and others. These scientists made number suggestions with great value of defense and pertaining to national economy, introduced their to works, discovered fields of ferrous metals, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese ore and others. In 1942 had been organized the Institute of astronomy and physics, the Institute of metallurgical and chemical, in 1943 - Institute of soil science, botany, zoology and tropical diseases. In 1942-1945 had been organized the particularized Institute of chemistry, metallurgy and mining, fireproof and building materials, zoology.

The1991 year is beginning of new period in development of native science. The law «On scientific and technical politics in Republic of Kazakhstan» had been passed 15th January 1992, in the same year had been organized the Ministry of science and new technologies. Since 1993 year to introduced state expert of scientific and technical programs, which finance from public account. Unified procedure of registration of reporting documentation by conducted development-structural and development-technological works in the republic had confirmed, legislative base of financing of scientific-technical and experience-structural works transfer to method of special program.

Results of work, which conducted in scientific-technical area, had been showed on exhibition in Astana in February 1998. Projects of government programs on development of mechanical engineering, atomic industry and energy in the country, as well conclusion of development of mining and smelting complex in republic had composed. For the first time native computers and series of electronic equipment of industrial and common function had been produced.

The scientists of republic made their contribution in ensuring of processes public administration. History of Kazakhstan and Kazakh philosophy had been explored since ancient times to present days. New philosophy and methodology of science had been made in the context of interference of eastern and western cultures. Development of constitutional process in the Republic of Kazakhstan, Eurasian fusion and geopolitics had been explored, population forecast had made. Of a hundred years from birthday of academician K.I. Satpayev had included in register of jubilees conducted under support of UNESCO. International scientific symposium dedicate to this event had happened in Paris 15-23 April 1999. There had been organized exhibition «The scientist of Kazakhstan: from the past to the future».

Investigations of sciences, which conducted last years, directed to competitive capacity of native science and technology. In order to forming works that associates with science restructuring of scientific bases are making, the efficiency of using of natural and mineral resources is increasing, producing new materials and preparations, improving processing of man-caused remains, stabilizing work of mining and smelting complex, using attainment of molecular and cellular biology in the biotechnology, medicine, agriculture, communications, and atomic energetic. Years of independency characterize by new methods of science and science administration, making favorable conditions for scientists work, training new generation of scientific manpower, and searching effective system fusion of education and science.

Deep roots

If advert to the Middle East, we can see that education was introduce from another states, sometimes because of higher grade of social development or because of conquerors politic, who subjugated acres of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan. In Pre-Islam period those were educational and scientific centers established emigrants from the West.

As a result of Arabian conquest (beginning 651 year), Islam became dominant religion in that region and, accordingly, the Arabic language and the Arabic alphabet had took high profile. During many centuries reading and writing and education were prerogative of elite, necessary condition of discharge function of government. So, at 8-9^th centuries in official copying and literature established hegemony of Arabic language, which companion and guide of Islam. It possible to draw an analogy with Latin, which was mandatory member of culture and education too, introduced to the Western Europe of Catholic faith and Bible. In this time system of Mohammedan schools appeared and extended there. The Medieval schools of Moslem world can divide by two species: Maktab (the same of Dabristan) and Madrasah. Maktab is a primary school attached to mosque; madrasah is type of secondary and higher school.

Only boys could learn reading and writing. This demand recommenced quite a number of Moslem sovereigns, special keeper saw to its realization. The Medieval schools of Moslem, had much in common with each other, greatly varied in standard of education. It had been showed social distinction, as well as evolution of development type of schools. One of first rate Madrasah had established by famous viewfinder Nizamal-Mulk at the latter half of 11^th century in Baghdad, by means of government, with pays for teachers and grants for pupils.

In the Iran and Middle Asia dependent to Arabian caliphate were prohibitions translate the Koran from Arab into other languages. This prohibition observed centuries. Tabari had translated the Koran into Persian language at 10^th century, but his book had been withdrawn.

In the Middle Asia and Kazakhstan from the East had invaded innumerable nomadic armies of Chingishan in 1219, carts with families followed them. So, new period in the history of Kazakh steppes had begun. At the 15-16^th centuries the most well known Madrasahs were in the Bukhara, Samarkand and Tashkent. Madrasahs, which highlight since then are appearing monuments of architecture. Kazakh and Kirgiz nationalities formed on the their today's territories at the 16^th century. Diplomatic and trade relations with Russian state became stronger. And the next stage of development of educational system and spreading literacy is closely relating with influence of Russia.

Secular Kazakh School

History of secular Kazakh school had begun in 1789. The first similar establishment «Asian college» had been opened in the Omsk. This town had been center of administration northern regions of Kazakhstan. In 1825 year on the basis of Tatar school the Nepluev Military School had been created, in 1844 it had been reorganized in Military School. The seven-year of education school attached to frontier committee of Orenburg had been opened in 1850 year. Teaching of Moslem religion had been prevailed there. Then the program had been extended. Russian history, mathematic, geometry and geographic had been introduced in 1859 year. Altynsarin learned in this school. Teaching realized in Russian, but Tatar had been studied too. The first woman's school for Kazakh girls opened in 1883. In this period the Vernen man's gymnasium began to work. Obligatory subjects were mathematic, physic, logic, history, Russian language and literature, religion. There are four languages: new - German, French and classical - Greek and Latin. Middle mark of everyone had been written at the end of the school year. In addition, singing, drawing, sketching, calligraphy, gymnastics and dance had been taught too. Sometimes educational foot walks to the Issyk Kul, Almaty and Issyk lakes had been organized.

However general educational system had been kept unproductive. Before the revolution quantity of literate had been averaged to few percent in Kazakhstan. In the 1916 year number of pupil averaged to 164 859 persons in Kazakhstan.

Education in the period of socialism

At the beginning of 20^th century intensive development of education and pedagogical science started in the region. New generation of enlighteners appeared on the public scene. They evolved materialistic opinions of theirs predecessors, and introduced new ideas in area of teaching.

The realization of wide program of economic and social reorganization on former outlying districts of the Soviet Union began after occurrence of the Soviet power. By the 40^th years illiteracy in Kazakhstan had been eliminated, a new school of general education for all population groups has been created instead of old countryside school. Medium-special, vocational and high schools began to operate.

Publishing had important significance in development of pedagogical science. In 1919 Bukeev branch of People's committee published "Mugalim" ("The teacher") pedagogical magazine. Publishing articles were about high prestige of educator and parents, educational opinions of Aristotle, Socrates, Z.Z.Russo, L.N.Tolstoy and many others. This first published work promoted creation of first Kazakh school.

In 1928 began to work Pedagogical Institute where had been trained specialists for school of general education and secondary school. The idea of general literacy had been stayed in leading hand for graduating students.

Cattle-breeding districts of Republic had waited opening of The Veterinary Institute in 1929 impatiently.

Capital of Kazakhstan experienced rise not only national economy idea. It was time of social art development. Musical, Choreographic and drama arts schools gave been opened in Alma-Ata city in 1930. The Institute of Agriculture has opened their doors in 1930.

In 1931 the State Medical Institute began training of high quality specialists on occupations with good job opportunities. The pediatricians, therapeutics, surgeons and doctors of particular specializations comprehended profession's subtleties drawing on Russian and foreign's clinicians experience.

The Kazakh Republic Technical School of physical training, which became favorite in student circles, had been operated since 1932.

1934 year became time of grand opening of Kazakh State University. The famous history of this institute of higher education's activity became the model for a whole Age of education. The Kazakh State University was the first who provided brainpower and scientific elite to Kazakh Republic.

The Artistic School had taken first students. Yang people had been got knowledge of history of world art and practical skills of applied and art creations in 1938 year.

Group of writers and scientists-methodologists had created original textbooks for Kazakh schools in 20-40-years.

Teachers training college of foreign languages in Almaty had been created in 1941 year. Kazakh teachers training college of woman had been made in 1944 year. Humanitarian education offered to future teachers, musician, choreographs, psychologists and speech therapist.

At the same time Kazakh State Conservatory began enrolment to musicology and performing faculties. For the first time in the conservatory began to sound of piano, fiddle, flute, kobiz and dombra, bayan and balalaika. Vocal part of Conservatory found talented, promising students. Kazakh State Institute of Physical training had been opened in the last year of war.

Since 1957 year, State had organized boarding schools for children from unhappy families and for children with weak health.

In 1963 year Institute of national economy, which showed ideas of progressive period in history of socialism, had been created. Students of Institute had been got knowledge of economic and social sciences.

Energy Institute of Almaty proceeded to the education of power engineering specialists for needs of republican industry and municipal services since 1975 year.

In 1976 year Institute of railway transportation engineers of Almaty began education engineers on vitally important description in the structure of transport service.

Institute of Arts Theatre for creative youth had been created in 1978 year. There had been trained specialists for Republic theatres, kazakh cinematograph and television, artistic and choreographic arts, which know all over the world.

Architectural-building institute in Almaty started education of students in 1980 year. This institute is turning out architects, creators, designers, constructors and engineers.

Eminent statesman had made definite contribution to development and formation pedagogical idea of the republic, such as S.Asfendiyarov, S.Zhandosov, T.Zhurgynov, S.Mendeshev, T.Ryskulov, N.Toreculov, I.Omarov and others, greats of Kazakh literature, such as M.Auyezov, S.Seyfullin, I.Zhansugurov, B.Maylin, S.Mukanov, G.Musrepov, G.Mustafin; art and science workers: A.Zhubanov, S.Amanzholov, E.Bekmakhanov, M.Gabdullin, S.Zhienbayev, A.Margulan, K.Satpayev, D,Tursunov, M.Khamraev and others.

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